Change in Medical Marijuana Essay

Change in Medical Marijuana Essay Change in Medical Marijuana Essay Last Draft May 3, 2013 Barrett, D. (2009, Feb. 7) Change in U.S. Clinical Marijuana Policy Likely The Times West Virginian Retrieved 4,29, 2013 From, Http//:timeswv.com/feature news/x681698441/change-in-us-clinical cannabis arrangement 1 A confident change in U.S. clinical cannabis arrangement is likely, (Barrett, D 2009) to occur. The White House and Drug Enforcement Administration won't state without a doubt, yet there could be a few changes made. In 2009 it was said that, â€Å" Experts accept the Obama Administration will change the technique and the law on clinical marijuana†. (Barrett, D. ) 2009). â€Å" The President accepts that bureaucratic assets ought not be evading state laws, and as he keeps on selecting senior administration to round out the positions of the Federal Government, he anticipates that them should audit their approach with that in mind† said White House representative Nick Shapiro (Barrett, D. 2009). Thirteen states have laws allowing the utilization of clinical cannabis: California for example is one of a kind for the nearness of distributor Aries, and organizations that sell pot, however dispensaries are unlawful under government law. It may be the law, â€Å"but repudiates the clinical maryjane position of the intensity of the new president† (Barrett, D. 2009). After some time the Obama Administration in the long run will teach the Department of Agriculture compassionately to reduce attacks of dispensaries to lead strikes just on organizations. Who is to state the administration can assume the job of God and choose if an individual is in torment or not? West Virginia isn't one of the thirteen states clinical weed is lawful, it ought to be. I am talking for a fact with my mom who had multiplemyoloma, who was in a great deal of torment, and

Criteria match †Organ Sales Free Essays

The numbers develop regularly and consistently, a great many Americans are biting the dust in view of the failure to get the life-sparing organs in which they require to endure (Shave, 2008). Albeit an answer of sanctioning the offer of organs may appear to be a conceivable arrangement, there are an extent of issues that show this may not be such a smart thought. By sanctioning the offer of Organs, we risk expanding underground market income and significant misuse of poor people. We will compose a custom article test on Standards coordinate †Organ Sales or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now This gives accessibility to increasingly risky practices and dissemination of organs in an uncontrolled domain. In our present age, we have more than one hundred thousand people sitting tight for a transplant with just under fifteen thousand givers (OPT, 2014). Despite the fact that authorization of organs may appear to be sensible, I don't figure it would be an astute decision in view of misuse, ethics and the enormous commitment it would make to help the underground market appropriation of organs. Turning into an organ giver and pay for organs are two separate cases in which one is perished and can no longer utilize their organs and where one living being is made up for organs in which they may sibyl need to get by sometime in the future. The bootleg market has had no issues in conveying administrations still to those frantic for organs to spare their friends and family (Meeker, 2007). In 2003 an unlawful kidney-acquirement arrange was revealed in Africa where an activity would furnish the giver with 6,000 dollars and brokers had the option to sell the organs for as much as one-hundred thousand dollars (Shave, 2008). In the United States, the bootleg market for human tissue for the most part includes those that are going to be incinerated. Misrepresented archives are given and he tissue would then be able to be offered to an examination office where irresistible, unhealthy organs are sold by a case that adjusts the reason for death or wellbeing history. In a portion of these exchanges, remuneration isn't compensated however the giver awakening in a bath canvassed in blood and ice 3D squares with a missing organ. As a result of the edgy call to help a relative and the holding up list being so high, numerous Americans go to the bootleg market so as to get what they need. The individual may contact somebody they know, for example, the â€Å"Body snatchers† and a laborer might be deceived thinking they eave a Job yet are secured in an office with a working room where their corpses can give tissue to up to 90 patients (Shave, 2007). In a controlled situation, a heart system/activity can cost one-hundred thousand dollars, kidney tasks from 3,000 and the expense of the organ is excluded (Forbes, 2007). A significant part of the privileged people will have no issue giving these assets nonetheless, the lower class may battle with calculates that high. This raises the standards of abuse among the lower class. The term misuse can be characterized s â€Å"Use or use, particularly for profit† (Exploitation, 2014). The market for organ deals might be the hardest to Justify and remuneration to the lower class living people for their organs is misusing and in truth would better help a contention for expanding help to the poor (Shave, 2008). The lower class just can't bear the cost of numerous hundred a huge number of dollars for a transplant which leaves those ready to get being from a higher class (Forbes, 2007). The legitimization of organs deals won't just increment traffic operating at a profit advertise, yet misuse poor people. The two choices basically need morals and to put a cost on a human, verges numerous restrictions of ethical quality. One could state that authorization would diminish deals and give a more secure condition to transplants in any case, on the off chance that we look at the medication advertise and the sanctioning of maryjane with the bootleg market, we see incomes soaring for the unlawful appropriation of weed not recommended and opens the entryway for those disseminating wrongfully, to do it in an increasingly outside house making it simpler, snappier and adding to the cost off brain modifying substance. The deals of human organs for pay ought not be sanctioned, it will build bootleg market benefit and accessibility and endeavor poor people. A day laborer in India was searching for day compensation when he consented to accomplish development work for four dollars 60 minutes. Him, alongside others were then held at gunpoint for a few days and in the end taken to a shrouded working room where he and the two others stay oblivious by drugs and when they got up, their kidneys had been expelled (Shave, 2008). By authorizing organ deals, we bolster conditions like these in light of the fact that we are taking their corrupt activities ND mercilessness and making it lawful to do as such. By making organ deals lawful, many could be misinformed into broken tasks, for example, these and live in a coma for the staying number of years. Envision how much simpler it is produce deceitful papers and defective clinical records so as to satisfy the payer (Shave, 2007). By making organ deals lawful, we make these circumstances increasingly helpful for the edgy and now and again could be the finish of thousands of lives on the grounds that the underground market will consistently be less expensive and will consistently be accessible. It is the needy individual who sells, the wealthy who purchase and Dry. Delimitation of the Wall Street Journal makes reference to that â€Å"Payments in the long run bring about the abuse of the individual,† (Shuttlecocks, 2001). A condition must be exploitive if the casualty is poorly educated, controlled or forced into thinking some different option from what is available (Wilkinson, 2011). The offer of Organs is quite straight forward however in the event that we look as far as a battling economy, the individual’s choice is profoundly affected and in this way the circumstance is being controlled. Such activities could likewise incorporate the pay being significantly low as opposed to the benefit. Such cases like in South Africa, people are remunerated somewhere in the range of 600 to 800 dollars and those equivalent organs are sold for more than one-hundred thousand (Shave, 2008). The two rules could carry contentions to consider like authorizing it would accommodate more secure offices to do transplants and furthermore, give pay to poor people. However, is cash more significant than an actual existence? More offices implies more duty dollars and if this implies more secure other options, than for what reason are a portion of these offices circulating unlawfully when it is illicit? In the event that they figure out how to do it currently, envision how much simpler ND available it would be to the underground market. Indeed, sanctioning organs deals may diminish the numbers on the holding up list, however shouldn't something be said about different techniques, for example, giving efforts of attention to additional to become organ givers? Starting today, just a single third of the populace is an organ contributor (OPT, 2014). In the event that each individual turned into an organ giver this would kill numbers on the holding up list, however conceivably even produce a bounty of organs that might be utilized later. Considering one hundred and fifty thousand individuals bite the dust a day, it would just take one ay to dispense with the holding up rundown of one hundred and twenty thousand (Wick. Hub, 2014). Sanctioning organ deals has definitely more contrary impacts than that which would really support the American individuals. The underground market will expand income and develop their practices at the same time misusing the lower class and giving more wellbeing worries to the individuals who are urgent. What’s in question? Force, control and income. Albeit many would state that the legitimization would diminish numbers which may hold truth, there are various activities which can profit the nation that will to advance improper conduct and dishonest pay professionally being. The most effective method to refer to Criteria coordinate †Organ Sales, Papers

The Different Types of Alcohol Problems

The Different Types of Alcohol Problems Addiction Alcohol Use Print The Different Types of Alcohol Problems By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 23, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 18, 2019 Peter Dazeley / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery When we talk about someone having an alcohol problem, it does not necessarily mean that they are an alcoholic. Problems with alcohol can range from occasionally drinking at harmful levels to full-blown alcoholism, or alcohol dependence. Not everyone who has an alcohol use disorder is an alcoholic, and not everyone who could benefit from treatment is an alcoholic. You dont have to exhibit all of the symptoms to have a drinking problem. Under the diagnosis guidelines in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMâ€"5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, there are 11 symptoms of alcohol use disorders. If someone displays only 2-3 of these symptoms they can be diagnosed with a mild alcohol use disorder. Drinkers who exhibit 4-5 of the symptoms are considered to have a moderate alcohol use disorder, and those with 6 or more symptoms, are diagnosed with a severe alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Abuse and Dependence The designation of mild, moderate, or severe alcohol use disorders is the terminology used in official medical diagnoses. The three main types of alcohol problems are probably more commonly described as: Binge drinkingAlcohol abuseAlcohol dependence (alcoholism) Binge Drinking One of the most common alcohol problems is binge drinking, which is simply drinking a harmful amount of alcohol in any one drinking session. Binge drinking is officially defined as drinking 5 or more standard drinks at one sitting for males (4 for females). Why is drinking 5 or more drinks considered a problem? Scientific research has shown that alcohol consumption at that level can do real harm to your health. There are many different ways that binge drinking can cause serious health problems. Therefore, by definition, if you engage in binge drinking, even occasionally, you have an alcohol problem. You may not have a severe problem, or be an alcoholic, but your drinking is considered hazardous. College Binge Drinking The greatest amount of research into binge drinking has revolved around the drinking habits on college campuses, where it is a common practice among 18-21-year-olds. Research shows that students who binge drink are: More likely to damage propertyHave problems with law enforcementMiss more classesExperience more hangoversBecome injured Research also indicates that students on campuses with higher binge drinking rates experience more physical assaults and unwanted sexual advances. Alcohol Abuse Going out with friends and having a few too many on occasion is an alcohol problem, but it is very common among young people. When those drinking bouts begin to cause you real problems in your life, and you continue to drink in spite of the negative consequences, is when your drinking becomes alcohol abuse. It is considered alcohol abuse if you continue to drink in spite of: Poor performance at school or workNeglect of your responsibilitiesTrouble with the lawDrinking while driving If your drinking has caused you problems in other areas of your lifeâ€"social, legal or personal problemsâ€"and you continue to drink despite those reoccurring problems, then your level of alcohol consumption has become abusive. Because alcoholism is considered a progressive disease, if you do not get help for your alcohol problem at this stage, you could be headed for much more severe problems. Alcohol Dependence Alcohol abuse can turn into alcohol dependence very quickly and usually does so along a predictable path. Not only do you continue to drink despite growing problems in your life, but continue after your alcohol consumption begins to affect you physically. People who are alcohol dependent: Continue to drink despite physical or psychological problemsBegin to crave alcohol when not drinkingDevelop a tolerance for the effects of alcoholHave withdrawal symptoms when not drinking Once someone reaches the alcohol-dependentâ€"or severe alcohol use disorderâ€"stage, it is much more difficult for them to try to get and stay sober, because they have developed a physical addiction to and psychological dependence upon alcohol. In short, they have become alcoholics. It is much easier to quit drinking before reaching the alcohol dependence stage, but unfortunately, many drinkers do not reach out for help until their drinking causes them overwhelming negative consequences, a phenomenon known as hitting bottom. Do You Have an Alcohol Problem? Answering questions about having an alcohol abuse problem will give you an idea if your drinking patterns are safe, risky or harmful. Be honest with yourself. Only you will see the results of your test and you can only benefit if your answers are accurate.

The effects of globalization on companies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3791 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Due to globalization the business people have to interact and manage different people from different cultures. It is helpfulÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.to think of culture as analogous to music:(a)If another person hasnt heard a particular piece of music, it is impossible to describe.(b)Before the days of written scores, people had to learn informally by imitation.(c)People were able to exploit the potential of music only when they started writing music scores. (Hall,1973). Culture is a collective phenomenon that is about shared values and meanings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The effects of globalization on companies" essay for you Create order For a successful company a strong connection between organizational structure and culture is very important. Organizing is the process of arranging people and other resources to work together to accomplish a goal. Organization structure is a system of tasks, reporting relationships, and communication linkages. Culture is a collective phenomenon that is about shared values and meanings. Strategic mergers are becoming critical components for todays global business strategy. The common causes for the failure in mergers are structural and cultural differences. Before merger the firms need extensive preparation, a relationship of trust between negotiators and long period of post-merger consolidation. 1.1. Research questions What are the organizational designs and key dimensions of culture? What are the factors that influence organizational structure and culture? What are the impacts of organizational structure and culture on merger Process? 1.2. Research objectives To describe the organizational designs and key dimensions of culture. To identify the factors that influence organizational structure and culture. To describe the impacts of organizational structure and culture on merger Process. 2. Research methodology 2.1. Data collection and data analysis. 2.2. Case study method. 3. Literature review and application 4. Organizational structure: The structure of an organization is the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labour into distinct tasks and then achieves co-ordination among them (Mintzberg, 1979) Managers design the organizational structure to influence employees to achieve wider goals. 4.1. The organizational designs: Organizational design is the process of creating structure that will help to achieve the mission and objectives of an organization. The organizational design consists of 1.Organizational variables, 2.Control variables, and 3.Cultural variables. Organizational variables: The organizational variables are designed to achieve organizational effectiveness. They will help the organization to achieve its goals without any confusion in a precise way. The following are the important organizational variables. 1. Decision rights: This Indicating who is having the responsibility to approve an important decision regarding the business and implement necessary technology and control various types of decisions. It designs the proper allocation of decision rights. 2. Business processes: The set of ordered tasks needed to complete key objectives of the business and includes 1) A beginning and an end,2)Inputs and outputs,3)A set of sub processes that transform the inputs into out puts,4)A set of metrics for measuring effectiveness. 3. Formal reporting relationships: The formal reporting relationship reflects the flow of communication and coordination among the units throughout the organization. Effective communication, coordination and cooperation among uni ts in an organization are basic necessities for growth of the organization. 4. Informal networks: Sharing and transferring knowledge within different project unites other than the formal reporting relationships are the key factors for effective function of the organization. Control variables: These are the tools which will help the organization to monitor, motivate and evaluate the performance of the organization. 1. Data: Collecting information regarding the progress of all units, evaluating and providing feedback. 2. Planning: It is the processes through which the desired strategic objectives are achieved. 3. Performance measurement and evaluation: To improve the quality of work a set of measures are used to get feedback about execution of plans and the processes. This feed back is used to improve the performance of the organization. 4. Incentives: Incentives are motivating factors within an organization which will help to improve the organizational performance. Cultural variables: Set of values and beliefs about what is desirable and undesirable in a community of people. 1. Values: The set of unspoken and clear beliefs that underlines decisions made and actions taken, reflects aspirations about the way things should be done. 4.2. Identifying structural characteristics: Every firm should have a strategic plan which specifies the future direction of the business. The responsibilities of the managers should be organized to achieve the strategic plan, for this the firm should have their organizational structure that identifies responsibilities for each job position and relationships among those positions. The organizational structure also indicates how all the job responsibilities fit together. The organizational structure affects the effectiveness and efficiency with which the firm produces its product and therefore has an impact on the firms value. When choosing a structure that fits its business goals, it is important to understand different types of organizational structures and compare them with each other. Reduce the disadvantages or negative impacts that the chosen structure might have on the business goal. According to my analysis different firms use different organizational structures which are influenced by specific characteristics of it s business and can affect the firms performance. Organizational structures vary among firms according to: Size of organization Strategic importance Budget and time constraints 4.3. Types of organizational structure: Organizational structure defines the way work is divided, managed and synchronized. Organizational structure is formed according to the organizations size and strategy. Functional structures, Divisional structures and Matrix structures are the traditional structures. Team structures and Network structures are new directions in organizational structures. The following are the important types of organizational structures. 4.3.1. Functional organizational structure: In a functional structure employees are grouped by managers according to their activities and profession or function for example like production, finance or marketing. Functional structure is not only used in business but also in banks and hospitals. Functional structure is effective in small organizations with less problems and limited demand for change and innovation. 4.3.2. Divisional organizational structure: A divisional structure groups together people working on the same product, in the same area, with similar customers. It is suits more in complex organizations with diverse operations with many products, territories, customers, and work processes. 4.3.3. Matrix organizational structure: The matrix structure combines functional and divisional structures. It is more precise to use matrix structure in permanent cross-functional teams to support specific products and projects or programs. It is more useful in manufacturing, service industries, professional fields and nonprofit sectors. 4.3.4. Network organizational Structure Network structure is a modern structure which includes the linking of numerous, separate organization structure to optimize their interaction in order to accomplish a common, overall goal, because it consists of multiple organizations that works together to produce products and services. 4.4. Comparison of organizational Structures: In each type organizational structure there are variations. Each one is unique in its own way. The adaptability of a particular structure depends on the necessity of the organization. Functional organization structure : They work best in a stable environment like small organizations with less problems and change. Advantages of functional structure: Economies of scale. Task assignments with proper training and guidance. High-quality technical problem solving. Good skill development within functions. Clear career paths within functions. Disadvantages of functional structure: Difficulties in indicating tasks for things like cost control, product or service quality, timeliness, and innovation. Lack of communication, coordination and problem solving across functions. Divisional Organization structure: They work best in a complex organization with many products, territories, customers, and work processes. Advantages of divisional structure: More flexibility in responding to situational changes. Improved coordination across functional departments. Good responsibility for product or service delivery. Focused on specific customers, products and regions. Disadvantages of divisional structure: Reduces economies of scale. Increases costs through the duplication of resources and efforts across divisions. Creates unhealthy rivalries as divisions compete for resources and top management attention. Matrix organizational structure: The main influence of matrix structures to organizational performance lies with the cross- functional teams whose members work together to share knowledge and information in a timely manner to solve problems. Advantages of matrix structure: Good collaboration across functions. Problem solving takes place at team level which will improve decision making. Improved customer service because there is always respective manager informed and available to answer questions. Better strategic management, since top managers are free from un-necessary problem solving to focus on strategic issues. Disadvantages of matrix structure: The two-boss system is subject to power struggle. It creates task confusion and conflict in work priorities. Strong team loyalties will cause a loss of focus on larger organizational goals. Network organizational structure: A network organizational structure is seen as a more complicated and complex structure than any other structure. A network structure uses IT to link with networks of outside suppliers and service contractors. Advantages of network structure: Quality and cost are the best advantages of network structure. The creative use of information technology. Disadvantages of network structure: More demand for new management responsibilities. Network of contracts and alliances are more complicated to maintain. 4.5. Importance of organizational structure in merger process: Effective organizational structure makes responsibility delegation easier and makes it easy to see the organizational change throughout the organizations. It is important to realize the advantage of organizational structure to benefit from a strong framework. Organizational Chart: is a tool that represents employees work responsibilities and reporting relationships. With its reporting structure it shows the structure and hierarchy of employees of their division of work and level of responsibilities in the organization. Distribution of Authority: Organizational structure shows the authority and responsibility distribution throughout an organization. Employees will get awareness of their superiors and subordinates. Communication: Organizational structure makes communication easy between employees in their duties and this enhances information sharing and problem solving. Chain of command: the structure helps employee to know who is engaged in the decision making process. Proper Balancing: Structure helps specific task and activities to be assigned in functional departments which provide a good coordination between departments. Lorachester,2010 4.6. Impact of organizational structure on merge: In the case of merger, two organizations are required to integrate their organizational structure appropriately. Inappropriate organizational structure can cause failure in integration between firms and reduce benefit of merger. Unclear reporting structure has a great tendency to cause merger failure. Reconstructing organizational structure may take some time after a merger and it may cause uncertainty and anxiety amongst employees. Therefore it is important to declare the new organizational structure with clear roles and reporting relationship of employees (SS Brahma). Good organizational structure facilitates communication between individuals or groups within the two organizations. Incompatible structure becomes obstacle for successful communication and achieving the corporation goal become impossible. 4.7. Factors that influence organizational structure: The organizational structure can be influenced by different factors, such as the size of an organization, the environment, technology, efficiency of organizational design, etc. The structure of an organization should be developed in such a way that endorses the strategy and plan of management. It is very significant for managers to be aware of the factors which may have an influence on the structure of an organization. Environment Strategy People Technology Size Figure: A framework for organizational design- aligning structure with situational contingences Environment Stable Environment- Composed of certain and predictable environment. Desires of customers are well known and may remain constant. Few changes take place in such kind of environment and organizations can perform well without frequent change. Bureaucratic organization and mechanistic design fits in such environment. Dynamic Environment- composed of uncertain environment with less predictable elements. The desires of customer are frequently changing. Organizations must be flexible. For such environment, adaptive organizations and organic design is adequate. Strategy Organizational structure should be designed in such a way to fit its strategies. Different strategies need different structure. Organizations may need to change their strategies or mission for better performance and this leads to a change in organizational structure. Stability oriented strategy only few changes occur in the external environment, Bureaucratic organizations and mechanistic design is adequate for such certain strategy. Growth oriented Strategy Strategies is likely to change frequently. Circumstances are complex and uncertain. The operation objectives focus on flexibility of frequent change and innovation. Plans changes regularly and there is a need for improvement. Technology Technology is the way task is done using knowledge, skill, equipment, techniques and human know-how. Advance in technology cause frequent change in an organization. A suitable technology results in high productivity and lower cost for the firm. Technology is a major influence on organizational structure. The right combination of structure and technology are critical to organizational success (Joan Woodward 1960s). Organizational size As the size of an organization become larger and older, the structure becomes more complicated. It is very difficult to manage large organizations without a formal organizational structure, whereas in very small organizations structure can be very simple. Employees can carry out their task based on their needs, skill and/or interest. Tasks can be performed without having a formal work assignment and delegation of authority. In large organizations, the structure is more liked mechanistic. Tasks are highly specialized and more level of management. Work procedure is dictated by rules and strategies. Communication flow is from superior to subordinate. 5. Organizational culture: Organizational culture consists of the behavior, actions, and values that people in an enterprise are expected to follow.(Pettigrew, 1979) Organizational culture is a set of values, often taken for granted, that help people in an organization understand which actions are considered acceptable and which are considered unacceptable.(Moorhead Griffin, 1992) 5.1. Key dimensions of an organizational Culture: Measuring key dimensions of an organizational culture provides a composite picture of the organizations culture. This will become the base for the feelings of shared understanding of the members about the organization, how things are done, and the way the members are supposed to behave. The following are the 10 key dimensions of an organizational culture. 1. Member identity: The interpersonal relationship of the employees with the organization to feel a vital part of it. It depends on loyalty of employees to the organization. 2. Team emphasis: Organized group work rather than individual work. 3. Management focus: Identifying the effective outcomes of people within the organization and taking them into account to make important decisions. 4. Unit integration: cooperation and coordination among the units. 5. Control: The extent to which rules and policies used on employees to control their behavior. 6. Risk tolerance: The level up to which the employees are encourag ed to be innovative and risk seeking. 7. Reward criteria: A precise system which rewards promotion and salary increase according to employee performance rather than seniority, favoritism or other nonperformance factors. 8. Conflict tolerance: The degree to which the employees are encouraged to talk about the conflicts openly. 9. Means versus end orientation: The extent to which the management focuses on outcomes rather than on techniques and processes used to achieve those results. 10. Open-system focus: Monitoring the changes in external environment. 5.2. Identifying cultural characteristics: Denison Organizational Culture Model, indicates the external adaptation, internal integration, flexibility, stability as cultural characteristics of the enterprise which influences the prospective of organization. These four ideal characteristics would be reflected by four features (1) involvement, (2) consistency, (3) adaptability and (4) mission. Involvement: referred to the capacity of workers, ownership and responsibility. In the culture characteristic reflects the companys training for staff, the communication between workers, the participation of staff and the responsibility of workers. Consistency : to measure whether the company has strong and cohesive internal culture. Whether company has a set of fundamental value, so that employees have immense identity and have clear expectation of future. Adaptability : mainly refer to capability of adapting the change from external environment or whether they have ability to aware the sign of market and response quickly. M ission : is used to determine the company is focusing on immediate interest or has long-term strategy and accurate tactics to approach even bigger goal. 5.3. The stages of cultural formation: As people become more civilized they develop and share some common beliefs and values according to their geographical location which will guide their behaviour.The positive outcome of the beliefs and values makes them strong and will influence on how people should work and relate to each other. The following figure will explain about the stages of cultural formation. Shared values Reinforcing Shared beliefs Outcomes Norms Individual and Group behaviour 5.4. Types of culture: Charles Handy (1993) generalized 4 culture types. Power culture: is one in which peoples activities are strongly influenced by dominant central figure. Role culture: is one in which peoples activities are strongly influenced by clear and detailed job descriptions and other formal signals as to what is expected of them. Task culture: is one in which the focus of activity is toward completing a task or project using whatever means are appropriate. Person culture: is one in which activity is strongly influenced by the wishes of the individuals who are part of the organization. 5.5. Multiple cultures: A key concern in the culture of any organization is diversity. The term multiculturalism refers to pluralism and respect for diversity in the workplace. They value the talents, ideas, and creative potential of all members. Good characteristics of multicultural organizations are, 1) Pluralism: Members of both alternative cultures and majority cultures are important in setting key values and policies. The talents, ideas and creative thinking from different cultures are important for an organization to achieve its goals. 2) Structural integration: Members from multiple cultures are given equal opportunity in all levels and in all functional responsibilities. The integration of all levels of employees, management and all functional unites are important for a successful coordinated progress. 3) Absence of prejudice and discrimination: A proper guidance and task force actions deal with the need to eliminate culture-group conflicts. Prejudice and discrimination will cause differe nce among work force which will affect the work. So it is important to eliminate the prejudice and discrimination. 5.6. Culture and performance: We can review the effect of organizational culture on employee behaviour and performance with some key ideas. The culture of an organization allows employee to understand both the history of the firm and present methods of operation. This knowledge provides guidance about expected future behaviours. The commitment of Organizational culture to corporate philosophy and values. This commitment generates shared feelings of working towards common goals. The organizational culture, through its norms, serves as control mechanism to channel behaviours towards desired behaviours and away from undesired behaviours. Finally, certain types of organizational cultures may be related directly to greater effectiveness and productivity than others. 5.7. Importance of culture in merger process: The market world today is facing increase competition, in such situation organisations will like merge to have popular strategic tools entering new markets and acquiring new technologies. On the other hand, 80% of mergers do not reach their financial goals and 50% of the mergers fail. (Nahavandi and Malekzadeh 1993) Its true that most mergers fail because of financial reasons or economic crisis, and management as well, but we must critically look at the importance of culture in the merger process. When two companies merged with different cultures, it will have greater consequences on the organisation. An example for this is merger between US air and America West. The two airlines had extremely different organisation cultures. US Airways had an older workforce with highly structured bureaucracy, whereas America West had much younger workforce with entrepreneurial culture. For a successful merger they must adopt to a common culture that will suit the company. Cultural differences: When employees do not agree with the cultural adaptation it will create problem for the organisation. This will affect their performance in the organisation. Culture play an important role in the way employees will react when they face new business environment, in some situation where merger take place. Its difficult for some to work with new members within a team. To overcome this problem the organizations need to prepare employees to adapt to the new culture. 5.8. Impact of organization culture on merge: Organization culture is one of the most important factors of success or failure of a company in merger process. Culture will have an enormous impact on the way a company operates today. The culture does not become established until shared understanding achieves dominance in the collective thinking of the members of the organization. The following points below illustrate some important interrelationships that deeply affect the organization culture in merger process. Purpose and Goals: The purpose and goals of the organization initially trigger the kind of culture that founders want to follow their successors to see their vision. The extent to which they achieve this culture depends as much on the others factors as on their own leadership Organization policies: The different rules and policies followed by the organizations will create problem after merge. Organization structure: The difference in organizational structures also causes serious problem in the merger process. Employee skills and attitudes: The different skill sets and attitudes of employees from both the merging organizations also cause some disturbance in merger process. Use of technology: The development of technology and the way its implemented will create an impact on the organization culture. 5.9. Factors that influence organizational culture: The following are the some of the important factors that influence organizational culture in a broad way. Change in management For an organization, change management means defining and implementing actions and technologies to deal with changes in the business environment and to profit from changing opportunities. Change management is one of the main factors that influence organization culture. Change might come in various forms within an organization, such as technological change, change in management staff as well as change in leadership. Employee Employees are part of an organization, they will be unhappy if things are not going well in the organization. In today competitive world, its important for organization to do all they can to keep their employee happy and motivated. Organizational culture plays a vital role amongst employees. An organization that has a good culture ensures that its employees are satisfied with the facilities it provides them. This means that taking adequate care of employees ensures organizational effectiveness. This culture also enables employees to work in a comfortable environment that is reflected in the overall efficiency of their work performance. Geographical location Geographical locations influence organization culture, in sense that when companies are located in a particular region, they mostly adopt to the culture of that area to succeed. Geographical location might vary in turns of language; language is a factor that greatly affects cultural stability. When people from the same geographical location speak the same language, culture spreads easily. Since countries see language as an integrate part of their cultures. Religion is a strong shaper of value; different geographical location has different religions, at such this affects organization culture in that particular region. 6. Case study (US Air and America West Merger Case) 6.1 Brief summary of the case 6.2. What are the influences of organizational structure and culture in merger Process 6.3. Recommendations for the successful merger of organizational structure and culture in US Air and America west merger case. 7. Findings and Conclusions 8. Recommendations Graphs and tables

The Black Death Changed Europe - 1064 Words

Jalen Josey Mrs. Feagley Honors English 9 7 April 2015 The Black Death The Black Death changed Europe (and the entire world) in ways we can still observe today from a historical, societal, cultural, and medical standpoint. The Black Death was a very deadly outbreak of plague. Plague is a very deadly bacterial disease. It has been a recurring force that has wiped out much of the world’s population during it’s outbreaks. The bacteria that is responsible for one of history’s most deadly diseases is Yersinia pestis. Yersinia pestis first infectes a rat. The rat is then the host for a flea. The flea feeds on the blood of the rat which is infected by the bacteria. For a reason still unknown today the bacteria started multiplying in the flea blocking it s stomach. This caused the flea to throw up the infected rats blood into the human when it feeds on it. Thomas Malthus, a British economist, wrote in his An Essay on the Principle of Population that three things could keep the human population in check. He said war, famine, and disease were these three things. So far in history The Black Death has been the only thing to put a dent in the human population s exponential growth. That means that in World War Two, which killed over 60 million people which is about three percent of the world’s population in 1939, did not stop the growth of the population at all. The Black Death has changed the world in more ways than we can understand. The human population has a carrying capacity. TheShow MoreRelatedWhat Effects Did The Black Death Changed Europe1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death Plague That changed Europe In 1348, a plague arrived that caused severe damage in many countries in Europe. The plague made a significant impact on the country, and it ending up killing fifty million people, which was sixty percent of Europe’s entire population (Slack 432). All of the deaths from the Black plaque it caused many different social and economic effects in Europe. Along with devastating effect, there were positive, social and economic changes resulting from the Black death includingRead MoreThe Black Death : A Disastrous Mortal Disease And Spread Across Europe1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death, so named by later historians, was a disastrous mortal disease and spread across Europe in the years 1347~1352(Hunt 416). The Black Death, now known as plague, is caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. When humans are bitten by a rodent flea, humans usually get the plaque (Plague Homepage | CDC). Nowadays, the plague can be treated by antibiotics easily. However, in the middle of the 14th ce ntury, no one knew what caused the disease, and how the disease was transmitted to othersRead MoreThe Black Of Black Death939 Words   |  4 Pageshistory few events seem as cataclysmic as the Black Death. The Black Death was actually one of the most deadly pandemics in human history. This awful pandemics most devastating time in Europe was between 1348 and 1350. According to some estimates it wiped out at least two-thirds of Europe’s population. A Malmesbury monk from Wiltshire wrote that, â€Å"Over England as a whole a fifth og men, women and children were carried to the grave.† (James â€Å"Black Death: The lasting impact†) Many epidemiologists stillRead Morehow did black death transformed Europe898 Words   |  4 Pages How did the Black Death transform Europe? The Black Death was one of the most devastating diseases in human history. In October 1347 twelve Genoese ships came to the Sicilian port of Messina. In the following three hundred years, one-third of the European population had died due to the Black Death changing Europe significantly. Europe transformed in aspects of economy, society and religion. Massive death caused Landlords to have trouble both in finding enough manpower and collecting dues. MeanwhileRead MoreBlack Plague1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe Epidemic is Here The Black Plague, one of the most devastating out breaks in history, is an historical event brought about with a great depression throughout Europe. This plague brought out the worst in mankind during the time the plague ran its course. How do people behave, when there environment becomes life threatening? (Herlihy, 18). The Black Death accounted for nearly one third of the deaths in Europe. Due to the death of many people there were severe shortages in labors, duringRead MoreEffects Of The Black Death On The Economy930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Black Death or more commonly known as Bubonic Plague, decimated European society in the mid 14 century to the extent that it has not been seen since in human history. It not only killed fifty to sixty percent of the population, but it also brought huge changes to the people of Europe. The impact of the plague caused effects on the economy, society, family structure, public policy, health science, religion, philosophy and literature. I ts’ effects would last until the eighteenth century and beyondRead More The Black Death Essay579 Words   |  3 Pages The Black Death The Black Death, the most severe epidemic in human history, ravaged Europe from 1347-1351. This plague killed entire families at a time and destroyed at least 1,000 villages. Greatly contributing to the Crisis of the Fourteenth Century, the Black Death had many effects beyond its immediate symptoms. Not only did the Black Death take a devastating toll on human life, but it also played a major role in shaping European life in the years following. The Black Death consisted mainlyRead MoreThe Black Death Plague795 Words   |  3 PagesThe Black Death is one of the worst disease in ancient history. It was an epidemic that killed millions of people between 1349-1351.Many people suffered from lack of care and lack of remedy, also it became difficult to find a medical person to diagnose such a horrible disease. Boccaccio, Tura and Venette describe the physical and social effect of Europe when the Plague had begun. In this selection, they describe how people respond and changed their behaviors .People were so scared from Plague thereforeRead MoreEffects of the Black Death of the 1300s Essay examples682 Words   |  3 PagesThe Black Plague (also known as the Black Death or Bubonic Plague) of the 1300s is considered by many historians to be one of the most influential events in the history of Europe. Originating in Asia, the Black Plague has three forms; Bubonic which affects the lymph nodes, pneumonic which affects the lungs, and septicemia which affects the blood. Through examining the effects of the Plague on Europe and its people, it is clear that politics, social life, and economics were all irreparably thrownRead MoreThe Black Death : Annotated Bibliography1271 Words   |  6 Pages The Black Death Caleb Alexander World History Mrs. Johnson Oct, 10, 2014 The Black Death The Black Death was one of the most life-changing pandemics in history. It was first discovered 550 years later in the 1800s by Alexandre Yersin, a french biologist. In his honor, the plague was named Yersinia Pestis. The plague traveled in two major ways. Yersin discovered that it traveled by infected fleas; the flea would attempt to feed on a human or animal and would then regurgitate

Why Foreign Language Should Be a Core Subject Free Essays

Silvana Domaz Professor Hussein ENG108: Writing Project #4 22 April 2012 Why Foreign Language Should be a Core Subject in Public Elementary School The benefits of learning a foreign language go beyond learning a different culture or being able to communicate with people of different backgrounds. It is essential that Americans speak languages other than English in order to compete internationally, keep the country safe, and prepare children to be world citizens. Several language organizations, educators, and policy makers have recommended the introduction of a second language at the elementary school level as a way of assuring a high level of language proficiency (Pufahl and Rhodes 273). We will write a custom essay sample on Why Foreign Language Should Be a Core Subject or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the reality of foreign language education in the United States is far from that goal. The Center for Applied Linguistics conducted a nationwide survey of public and private schools in 2008 and discovered that â€Å"since 1997, the percentage of elementary and middle schools that offer foreign language courses has fallen significantly, from 31 percent to 25 percent at the elementary level and from 75 percent to 58 percent at the middle school level† (Pufahl and Rhodes 261). One of the reasons for the decline could be attributed to the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 signed by President George W. Bush. The NCLB act is a framework aimed at improving the performance of America’s elementary and secondary schools, with a stronger emphasis on reading. About one third of all public schools with foreign language programs reported being affected by NCLB (Pufahl and Rhodes 270). Educators and politicians see the need for improving students’ achievement in reading and math and for a better score on standardized tests (Stewart 11). For that reason schools are under pressure to allocate time and resources to math and English-language arts instruction. Educators and school administrators are left with no budget, resources or time to use for foreign language education (Pufahl and Rhodes 273). In contrast, in June 2004, the Department of Defense and the University of Maryland joined for a summit on National Language Policy. It became very clear that â€Å"there is an immediate need for governmental personnel who can function at the advanced proficiency level in foreign languages† (Byrnes 247). The government needs people who are able to communicate in other languages, people who can understand different cultures and analyze critical content and ideas from other countries. Projections for the total numbers of speakers of various languages for the year 2050 indicate that Mandarin will surpass English (Byrnes 254). Thus, it is likely that trade and diplomacy will be increasingly conducted with those who speak languages other than English, such as Mandarin. In 2000, the Center for Applied Linguistics conducted a study to collect data from 19 countries on their foreign language programs and methodologies so that the results could help improve language teaching in the U. S. Those countries were Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru, Spain, and Thailand. Some of the recommendations drawn from the study results are: 1) start language education early; 2) push for stronger federal leadership in language teaching; 3) improve teacher education; and 4) take advantage of the rich sociolinguistic context in the United States (Pufahl and Rhodes and Christian 3). Starting language education at an early age will lead to higher levels of language proficiency not only in one language but also in multiple languages. Based on the survey, most countries begin foreign language instruction in the elementary grades, while most schools in the U. S start at age 14. In Arizona, foreign language courses are not a requirement. According to Jill Campos, World Language Academic Coach for the Scottsdale School District, â€Å"foreign language is introduced for a semester at 6th and 7th grades as an exploratory course. Eight graders can take the first year of a world language for high school credit and continue, if they so choose, through the 5th year†. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) report that â€Å"the language areas of the brain seem to go through the most dynamic period of growth between the ages of 6 and 13† (qtd. in Talukder 3). The UCLA study instead suggests that â€Å"the elementary and middle school years are the biologically most advantageous times for acquisition of a second language† (qtd. in Talukder 3). It is during the first years of life that â€Å"the foundations for thinking, language, vision, attitudes, aptitudes, and other characteristics are laid down,† says Ronald Kotulak, author of Inside the Brain (qtd. in Dryden and Voss 266). Studies of the brain show that a second language is stored in the same part of the brain as a first language when learned by age 8. After that age, a second language is stored in a different part of the brain. However, simply introducing a program at the elementary level is not enough. The second recommendation is that a successful language program has to be consistent and coherent among all organizations and educational sectors. The federal government can provide leadership in developing long term policies for enhanced teacher training, incentives for school districts to offer early language instruction, and conduct long term research on language education (Pufahl and Rhodes and Christian 16). Effective teaching strategies must be implemented such as foreign language as a medium of subject instruction, immersion or dual-language programs. Foreign languages should have the same status as other core subjects such as math and reading and they should be carried through elementary to college (Pufahl and Rhodes and Christian 17). The third recommendation is enhanced teacher training. Based on the survey results, teacher training that integrates academic subject studies with pedagogical studies and teaching practice, was one of the most successful aspects of foreign language education in their respective countries (Pufahl and Rhodes and Christian 10). The fourth recommendation is that educators need to take advantage of our ethnic diversity by promoting the learning of heritage languages. The United States is one of the world’s largest Spanish-speaking countries; however, we don’t capitalize on this powerful human resource or in any other heritage languages. The majority of public schools don’t offer programs for immigrant students to build on their home languages even when there’s a large group in the community who speaks the same language. Promoting strong bilingual programs such as dual-immersion where half the students speak another language than English and both groups study together and become bilingual in both languages of instruction (Pufahl and Rhodes and Christian 19). A major change needs to happen in the United States in regards to foreign language education, from the national to local level. Besides personal and academic achievement, being proficient in foreign languages is extremely important for international trade, diplomacy, and national security. It is important that the federal government creates a sizable budget for language education and establishes foreign language as a core subject. Educators and teachers should benefit from the country’s sociolinguistic context and promote bilingual programs that capitalize on heritage languages. Schools should create long term programs so that students can continue their foreign language education all the way to college if they so choose. Works Cited Campos, Jill. â€Å"Re: foreign languages in elementary schools. Message to the author. 04 Feb. 2012. Email. Hines, Marion E. â€Å"Foreign Language Curriculum Concerns in Times of Conflict. † Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin 70. 1 (2003): 15-21. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. Larew, Leonor. â€Å"The Optimum Age for Beginning a foreign Language. † Modern Language Journal 45. 5 (1961): 203. Academic Search Premier. Web. 24 Mar. 2012. Meyers-Scotton, Carol. â€Å"Why Bilingualism Matters. † American Speec h 75. 3 (2000): 290-292. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Mar. 012. Pufahl, Ingrid, and Nancy Rhodes. â€Å"Foreign Language Instruction in U. S. Schools: Results of a National Survey of Elementary and Secondary Schools. † Foreign Language Annals 44. 2 (2011): 258-288. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. Pufahl, Ingrid, Christian Donna, and Nancy Rhodes. â€Å"Foreign Language Teaching: What the United States Can Learn from Other Countries. † ERIC Clearing House on Languages and Linguistics (2000):1-35. Eric Digest. Web 18 Apr. 2012 (2011): 258-288. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. Schick, Jo-Anne E. , and Paul B. Nelson. â€Å"Language Teacher Education: The Challenge for the Twenty-First Century. † Clearing House 74. 6 (2001): 301-304. Academic Search Premier. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. Talukder, Gargi. How the Brain Learns a Second Language. 2001 Brain Connection. Web. 21 Apr. 2012. Zehr, Mary Ann. â€Å"Elementary Foreign Language Instruction on Descent. † Education Week 28. 23 (2009):8-8. Academic Search Premier. Web. 27 Mar. 2012. How to cite Why Foreign Language Should Be a Core Subject, Essay examples

Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays (1482 words) -

Their Eyes Were Watching God The novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God contains beautiful imagery that conveys the thoughts of the author towards the antagonist of this story, Janie Crawford. Through her four distinct lives as Janie Crawford, Janie Killicks, Janie Starks, and Janie Woods she realizes that each day the sun rises a new change is apparent in her life. The experience of each distinct life makes her realize more about herself than she ever knew before. She comes to a self-revelation about herself. Even though it takes her the entire novel to realize her sexual awakening from the blossoming pear tree to experience unadulterated love, she does so as the sun falls and rises past the years of her maturing life. The novel starts out with Janie at the ripe age of sixteen realizing her sexual peak. She was stretched on her back beneath the pear tree soaking in the alto chant of the visiting bees, the gold of the sun and the panting breath of the breeze when the inaudible voice of it all came to her. (Hurston: 11). Nanny realizes that Janie has become ready for marriage, after settling for a kiss from a tall and lean, yet poor boy by the name of Johnny Taylor. So, Nanny arranges a marriage between Janie Crawford and Logan Killicks to start Janies new life as Janie Killicks before she would be able to get entangled in the humble life of a poor black man like Johnny Taylor. She was a former slave, so Nanny believed in the value of financial security and respectability. Therefore, she forced Janie into marrying Logan Killicks when she was still in her teens. A year passed by with Janie realizing that she did not love Logan and would never love him, so she felt it was time for a change. Janie left Logan for the high-spirited and charming Jody Starks. They sat on the boarding house porch and saw the sun plunge into the same crack in the earth from which the night emerged. (Hurston: 33). Janie realized that it was time for a change and to take a chance in attempt to attain love by her own means. Nanny wouldve disapproved of the big talk behind a black man like Jody Starks; however, he would create an even more financially stable setting for Janie to live in than in the marriage she set up Janie with the farmer, Logan Killicks. Marrying Joe without even divorcing Logan, she settles with him in her new life at Eatonville. He buys two hundred acres of land, quickly becoming mayor of the all-black town with Janie becoming Mrs. Mayor. She is forced to run the grocery store, which she doesnt like and is often ordered around and ridiculed by her husband. Joe was now showing his true character since before they got married he said he would love her and treat her with the utmost respect, but this wasnt the case at all. Living with the pain caused by her second husband for almost two decades, she realized that he wasnt the man she was looking for. She was thirty-five now and was beginning to mature. But mostly she lived between her hat and her heels, with her emotional disturbances like shade patterns in the woods-come and gone with the sun. She got nothing from Jody except what money could buy, and she was giving away what she didnt value. (Hurston: 76). More now than ever she realizes that Joe was a harsh and cold man she never loved. Also, this foreshadows Jodys sickness and the chance for Janie to tell him that he was a stubborn old man that had covered his physical ailments by exploiting others just before he dies. Nine months after the death of Jody, without expecting a man to dazzle her into a relationship, Janie finds a young, nice-looking man who is fun to be with. Well, Ah love tuh find out whut you think after sun-up tomorrow. Dis is just you night thought. (Hurston: 105). After Tea Cake says this, Janie starts to realize that even though she doesnt admit it to herself at first that she loves Tea Cake, she is actually starting